Психологическое насилие в отношении женщин-кандидатов в электоральном дискурсе (на примере Мексики)
Научная статья
Для цитирования
Бабурина К. С. Психологическое насилие в отношении женщин-кандидатов в электоральном дискурсе (на примере Мексики) // Петербургская социология сегодня. 2026. Том 18. № 2. С. 28-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25990/socinstras.pss-18-2.g916-8674 EDN: IAMFGE (in English).
Аннотация
Данная статья посвящена исследованию психологического насилия в отношении женщин-кандидатов на мексиканских выборах в 2024 году. Анализируется научная литература в области политологии и социологии, которая рассматривает подходы к изучению политического насилия в отношении женщин и контекст Мексики. Ключевым подходом становится подход НОЖ (Насилие в Отношении Женщин), потому что именно он определяет роль гендера в проблеме и предлагает типологию насилия, включающую психологическое. Данное исследование дополняется также применением теорий гендерных стереотипов и амбивалентного сексизма, которые позволяют объяснить роль женщины в политике и ее восприятие обществом. Для проведения эмпирического исследования был применен метод качественного контент-анализа текстовых и визуальных публикаций пользователей социальных сетей о женщинах-кандидатах. В результате исследования выявлено, что «символическое насилие» (в трактовке П. Бурдье) в отношении женщин-кандидатов на мексиканских выборах проявилось в онлайн среде - в текстовых и визуальных инструментах, а также воспроизводилось через враждебный сексизм и гендерные стереотипы.
Ключевые слова:
психологическое насилие, политическое насилие, подход НОЖ, выборы, Мексика
Литература
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5. Krook, Mona, and Juliana Restrepo. ‘Gender and Political Violence in Latin America: Concepts, Debates and Solutions’. Política y Gobierno 23, no. 1 (1 January 2016): 127–62.
6. Krook, Mona Lena. ‘Violence Against Women in Politics’. Journal of Democracy 28 (1 January 2017): 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0007.
7. Soto Santana, Miosotis. ‘Justice for Women: Deep Fakes and Revenge Porn’, 2022. https://www.dpublication.com/abstract-of-3rd-womensconf/27-10177/.
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11. Henderson, Conway. ‘The Political Repression of Women’. Human Rights Quarterly 26, no. 4 (1 November 2004): 1028–49. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2004.0044.
12. Bardall, Gabrielle. ‘Gender-Specific Election Violence: The Role of Information and Communication Technologies’. Stability : International Journal of Security and Development 2, no. 3 (1 November 2013). https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.cs.
13. Phillips McLennan, Lisa, Michele Pathé, and Troy McEwan. ‘Gender Differences in Stalking, Threats and Online Abuse Reported by Victorian Politicians’. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 30, no. 6 (23 January 2023): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2022.2142975.
14. Koch, Luise, Raji Ghawi, Jürgen Pfeffer, and Janina Isabel Steinert. ‘Online Misogyny Against Female Candidates in the 2022 Brazilian Elections: A Threat to Women’s Political Representation?’, 16 March 2024. http://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07523.
15. Richardson-Self, Louise. ‘Woman-Hating: On Misogyny, Sexism, and Hate Speech’. Hypatia 33, no. 2 (23 January 2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12398.
16. O’Hare, Ursula A. ‘Realizing Human Rights for Women’. Human Rights Quarterly 21, no. 2 (1999): 364–402.
17. Kuperberg, Rebecca. ‘Intersectional Violence against Women in Politics’. Politics & Gender 14 (13 November 2018): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X18000612.
18. Caicedo Roa, Monica, Lourdes Bandeira, and Ricardo Cordeiro. ‘Femicídio e Feminicídio: Discutindo e Ampliando Os Conceitos’. Revista Estudos Feministas 30 (19 September 2022). https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2022v30n383829.
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20. Buvinic, Mayra, and Roza. ‘Women, Politics and Democratic Prospects in Latin America’. Sustainable Development Department Technical Paper Series WID-108 (2004). https://www.bibalex.org/baifa/en/resources/document/455710.
21. Sabino, Maria Jordana Costa, and Patrícia Verônica Pinheiro Sales Lima. ‘Igualdade de Gênero No Exercício Do Poder’. Revista Estudos Feministas 23, no. 3 (2015): 713–34.
22. Sagot, Montserrat. ‘Strategies to Face Violence against Women: Latin American Feminists’ Reflections’. Athenea Digital. Revista de Pensamiento e Investigación Social, 1 September 2008, 215–28. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenea.571.
23. Tzul, Ana Marina Tzul, and Serena Cosgrove. ‘Latin America: Introducing the Region’. In Gendered Lives: Globa Issue. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2022. https://iastate.pressbooks.pub/workshopdemo/chapter/chapter-7-latin-america-introducing-the-region/.
24. Schatz, Sara. Murder and Politics in Mexico: Political Killings in the Partido de La Revolucion Democratica and Its Consequences. Vol. 10, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8068-7.
25. Hernández Huerta, Víctor Antonio. ‘Candidates Murdered in Mexico: Criminal or Electoral Violence?’ Política y Gobierno 27, no. 2 (December 2020). http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1665-20372020000200008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en.
26. Espinoza, Alberto Espejel, and Mariela Díaz Sandoval. ‘Violencia Contra Las Mujeres En Política En México: Una Propuesta de Análisis Desde Las Caras Partidistas.’ Revista Apuntes Electorales. 18, no. 60 (1 January 2019).
27. Corral Limas, Dra. Lizbeth Gabriela, Master Alma Yolanda Morales Corral, and Master Verónica Ofelia Lozano Sandoval. ‘Gender-Based Political Violence in Mexico: A Complex Assignment’. Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 8 (20 August 2020): 400–417. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjhss.2020.v05i08.003.
28. Riabova, Tatiana. ‘Pol Vlasti: Gendernye Stereotipy v Sovremennoj Rossijskoj Politike’. Ivanovskij Gosudarstvennyj Universitet, 2008.
29. Vidales, Paola, and Carlos Muñiz. ‘Women Stereotyping in Political Advertising. Analysis of Gender Stereotypes in Electoral Spots during Election Campaign of Nuevo Leon 2015’. Comunicacion y Sociedad, no. 29 (1 January 2017): 69–91.
30. Dolan, Kathleen. When Does Gender Matter?: Women Candidates and Gender Stereotypes in American Elections. Oxford University Press, 2014
31. Van Langenhove, Luk, and Rom Harré. ‘Cultural Stereotypes and Positioning Theory’. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 24, no. 2 (December 1994). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1994.tb00260.x.
32. Heilman, Madeline. ‘Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women’s Ascent Up the Organizational Ladder’. Journal of Social Issues 57 (1 December 2001): 657–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00234.
33. Bauer, Nichole. ‘Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates’. Political Psychology 36, no. 6 (1 May 2014). https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12186.
34. Ellemers, Naomi. ‘Gender Stereotypes’. Annual Review of Psychology 69, no. Volume 69, 2018 (4 January 2018): 275–98. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011719.
35. Huddy, Leonie, and Nayda Terkildsen. ‘Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates’. American Journal of Political Science 37 (1 February 1993): 119–47. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111526.
36. Aalberg, Toril, and Anders Todal Jenssen. ‘Gender Stereotyping of Political Candidates: An Experimental Study of Political Communication’. Nordicom Review 28, no. 1 (1 May 2007): 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0198.
37. Connor, Rachel, Peter Glick, and Susan Fiske. ‘Ambivalent Sexism in the 21st Century’. In The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
38. Glick, Peter, and Susan Fiske. ‘Ambivalent Sexism Revisited’. Psychology of Women Quarterly 35, no. 3 (1 September 2011): 530–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684311414832.
39. Geus, Roosmarijn de, Elizabeth Ralph-Morrow, and Rosalind Shorrocks. ‘Understanding Ambivalent Sexism and Its Relationship with Electoral Choice in Britain’. British Journal of Political Science 52, no. 4 (11 February 2022): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123421000612.
40. Krippendorff, Klaus. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. SAGE, 2013.
2. Nava, Felizardo Carrera. ‘Violencia política contra las mujeres en México’. RD-ICUAP 7, no. 19 (15 January 2021): 79–90. https://doi.org/10.32399/icuap.rdic.2448-5829.2021.19.506.
3. Calderón, María. ‘Political Violence in Mexico’s 2024 Elections: Elections Gender-Based Political Violence against Women’, March 2024.
4. Piscopo, Jennifer M. ‘State Capacity, Criminal Justice, and Political Rights: Rethinking Violence Against Women in Politics’. Política y Gobierno 23, no. 2 (2016): 437–58.
5. Krook, Mona, and Juliana Restrepo. ‘Gender and Political Violence in Latin America: Concepts, Debates and Solutions’. Política y Gobierno 23, no. 1 (1 January 2016): 127–62.
6. Krook, Mona Lena. ‘Violence Against Women in Politics’. Journal of Democracy 28 (1 January 2017): 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0007.
7. Soto Santana, Miosotis. ‘Justice for Women: Deep Fakes and Revenge Porn’, 2022. https://www.dpublication.com/abstract-of-3rd-womensconf/27-10177/.
8. Bardall, Gabrielle, Elin Bjarnegård, and Jennifer Piscopo. ‘How Is Political Violence Gendered? Disentangling Motives, Forms, and Impacts’. Political Studies 68, no. 4 (18 September 2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321719881812.
9. Daniele, Gianmarco, and Gemma Dipoppa. ‘Mafia, Elections and Violence against Politicians’. Journal of Public Economics 154 (1 August 2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.08.004.
10. Höglund, Kristine. ‘Electoral Violence in Conflict-Ridden Societies: Concepts, Causes, and Consequences’. Terrorism and Political Violence 21, no. 3 (29 June 2009): 412–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550902950290.
11. Henderson, Conway. ‘The Political Repression of Women’. Human Rights Quarterly 26, no. 4 (1 November 2004): 1028–49. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2004.0044.
12. Bardall, Gabrielle. ‘Gender-Specific Election Violence: The Role of Information and Communication Technologies’. Stability : International Journal of Security and Development 2, no. 3 (1 November 2013). https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.cs.
13. Phillips McLennan, Lisa, Michele Pathé, and Troy McEwan. ‘Gender Differences in Stalking, Threats and Online Abuse Reported by Victorian Politicians’. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 30, no. 6 (23 January 2023): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2022.2142975.
14. Koch, Luise, Raji Ghawi, Jürgen Pfeffer, and Janina Isabel Steinert. ‘Online Misogyny Against Female Candidates in the 2022 Brazilian Elections: A Threat to Women’s Political Representation?’, 16 March 2024. http://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07523.
15. Richardson-Self, Louise. ‘Woman-Hating: On Misogyny, Sexism, and Hate Speech’. Hypatia 33, no. 2 (23 January 2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12398.
16. O’Hare, Ursula A. ‘Realizing Human Rights for Women’. Human Rights Quarterly 21, no. 2 (1999): 364–402.
17. Kuperberg, Rebecca. ‘Intersectional Violence against Women in Politics’. Politics & Gender 14 (13 November 2018): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X18000612.
18. Caicedo Roa, Monica, Lourdes Bandeira, and Ricardo Cordeiro. ‘Femicídio e Feminicídio: Discutindo e Ampliando Os Conceitos’. Revista Estudos Feministas 30 (19 September 2022). https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2022v30n383829.
19. Rogers, Ashley. ‘“But the Law Won’t Help Us”: Challenges of Mobilizing Law 348 to Address Violence Against Women in Bolivia’. Violence Against Women 26, no. 12–13 (19 September 2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219870613.
20. Buvinic, Mayra, and Roza. ‘Women, Politics and Democratic Prospects in Latin America’. Sustainable Development Department Technical Paper Series WID-108 (2004). https://www.bibalex.org/baifa/en/resources/document/455710.
21. Sabino, Maria Jordana Costa, and Patrícia Verônica Pinheiro Sales Lima. ‘Igualdade de Gênero No Exercício Do Poder’. Revista Estudos Feministas 23, no. 3 (2015): 713–34.
22. Sagot, Montserrat. ‘Strategies to Face Violence against Women: Latin American Feminists’ Reflections’. Athenea Digital. Revista de Pensamiento e Investigación Social, 1 September 2008, 215–28. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenea.571.
23. Tzul, Ana Marina Tzul, and Serena Cosgrove. ‘Latin America: Introducing the Region’. In Gendered Lives: Globa Issue. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2022. https://iastate.pressbooks.pub/workshopdemo/chapter/chapter-7-latin-america-introducing-the-region/.
24. Schatz, Sara. Murder and Politics in Mexico: Political Killings in the Partido de La Revolucion Democratica and Its Consequences. Vol. 10, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8068-7.
25. Hernández Huerta, Víctor Antonio. ‘Candidates Murdered in Mexico: Criminal or Electoral Violence?’ Política y Gobierno 27, no. 2 (December 2020). http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1665-20372020000200008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en.
26. Espinoza, Alberto Espejel, and Mariela Díaz Sandoval. ‘Violencia Contra Las Mujeres En Política En México: Una Propuesta de Análisis Desde Las Caras Partidistas.’ Revista Apuntes Electorales. 18, no. 60 (1 January 2019).
27. Corral Limas, Dra. Lizbeth Gabriela, Master Alma Yolanda Morales Corral, and Master Verónica Ofelia Lozano Sandoval. ‘Gender-Based Political Violence in Mexico: A Complex Assignment’. Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 8 (20 August 2020): 400–417. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjhss.2020.v05i08.003.
28. Riabova, Tatiana. ‘Pol Vlasti: Gendernye Stereotipy v Sovremennoj Rossijskoj Politike’. Ivanovskij Gosudarstvennyj Universitet, 2008.
29. Vidales, Paola, and Carlos Muñiz. ‘Women Stereotyping in Political Advertising. Analysis of Gender Stereotypes in Electoral Spots during Election Campaign of Nuevo Leon 2015’. Comunicacion y Sociedad, no. 29 (1 January 2017): 69–91.
30. Dolan, Kathleen. When Does Gender Matter?: Women Candidates and Gender Stereotypes in American Elections. Oxford University Press, 2014
31. Van Langenhove, Luk, and Rom Harré. ‘Cultural Stereotypes and Positioning Theory’. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 24, no. 2 (December 1994). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1994.tb00260.x.
32. Heilman, Madeline. ‘Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women’s Ascent Up the Organizational Ladder’. Journal of Social Issues 57 (1 December 2001): 657–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00234.
33. Bauer, Nichole. ‘Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates’. Political Psychology 36, no. 6 (1 May 2014). https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12186.
34. Ellemers, Naomi. ‘Gender Stereotypes’. Annual Review of Psychology 69, no. Volume 69, 2018 (4 January 2018): 275–98. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011719.
35. Huddy, Leonie, and Nayda Terkildsen. ‘Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates’. American Journal of Political Science 37 (1 February 1993): 119–47. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111526.
36. Aalberg, Toril, and Anders Todal Jenssen. ‘Gender Stereotyping of Political Candidates: An Experimental Study of Political Communication’. Nordicom Review 28, no. 1 (1 May 2007): 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0198.
37. Connor, Rachel, Peter Glick, and Susan Fiske. ‘Ambivalent Sexism in the 21st Century’. In The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
38. Glick, Peter, and Susan Fiske. ‘Ambivalent Sexism Revisited’. Psychology of Women Quarterly 35, no. 3 (1 September 2011): 530–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684311414832.
39. Geus, Roosmarijn de, Elizabeth Ralph-Morrow, and Rosalind Shorrocks. ‘Understanding Ambivalent Sexism and Its Relationship with Electoral Choice in Britain’. British Journal of Political Science 52, no. 4 (11 February 2022): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123421000612.
40. Krippendorff, Klaus. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. SAGE, 2013.
Статья
Поступила: 03.04.2026
Опубликована: 21.06.2026
Форматы цитирования
Другие форматы цитирования:
APA
Бабурина, К. С. (2026). Психологическое насилие в отношении женщин-кандидатов в электоральном дискурсе (на примере Мексики). Петербургская социология сегодня, 18(2), 28-55. https://doi.org/10.25990/socinstras.pss-18-2.g916-8674
Раздел
СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ И ГЕНДЕРНОЕ НЕРАВЕНСТВО
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